.glass-frame {
  background-color: rgba(25, 129, 185, 0.5);
  backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
  border-radius: 1rem;
  color: white;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: auto;
}

.glass-frame-Res {
  background-color: rgba(99, 100, 100, 0.464);
  backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
  border-radius: 1rem;
  color: white;
  max-width: 600px;
  margin: auto;
}

.navbar {
  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) !important;
}

.navbar-collapse {
  z-index: auto;
}

.nav-link {
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85) !important;
}

.nav-link:hover {
  color: white !important;
}

.navbar .nav-link {
  font-size: 1.2rem; /* Increase as needed (e.g., 1.5rem, 20px, etc.) */
}

.nav-link.active {
  color: #0dcaf0 !important;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #0dcaf0;
}

footer a {
  text-decoration: none;
}

footer a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.hero-section {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 100vh;
  padding-top: 80px;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.hero-image {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  z-index: -1; /* Push behind content */
}

.white-box {
      background-color: white;
      border-radius: 0.5rem;
      padding: 2rem;
      box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    }

.featurette-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
  align-items: flex-start;
}
.featurette-text,
.featurette-img-col {
  flex: 1 1 300px;
}
.featurette-img {
  width: 50%;
  height: auto;
  border-radius: 0.5rem;
  object-fit: cover;
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .featurette-row {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}



/* === Research Page Specific === */
.dropdown-hover-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
}

.dropdown-toggle-hover {
  cursor: pointer;
}

.dropdown-menu-custom {
  display: none;
  position: absolute;
  top: 1.5em;
  left: 0;
  background-color: white;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  min-width: 180px;
  z-index: 1000;
  padding: 0;
  list-style: none;
  border-radius: 0.25rem;
}

.dropdown-menu-custom li {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}

.dropdown-menu-custom li:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
}

.dropdown-menu-custom .dropdown-item {
  display: block;
  padding: 0.5em 1em;
  color: #000;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.dropdown-menu-custom .dropdown-item:hover {
  background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

.dropdown-hover-wrapper:hover .dropdown-menu-custom {
  display: block;
}

.justify-caption {
  text-align: justify;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}


/* === Publication Page Specific === */

/* Patent and Books section */

.hover-lift {
  transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
}

.hover-lift:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  text-decoration: underline;
}
.text-decoration-none:hover {
  text-decoration: underline !important;
}
/* Section heading with year banner */
.year-banner {
  position: relative;
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
  height: 250px;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 1rem;
  box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.year-banner::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); /* dark overlay */
  z-index: 1;
}

.year-banner h2.year-heading {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 2;
  font-size: 3rem;
  color: #fff;
  text-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
  margin: 0;
}

/* Publication card */
.publication {
  background-color: white;
  padding: 1.5rem;
  border-left: 5px solid #0d6efd;
  border-radius: 0.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
  box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
}

.publication:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px);
  box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.publication a {
  color: #0d6efd;
  font-weight: 500;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.publication a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

/* Two-column alternating layout */
.publication-row {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 2%;
}

.publication-col {
  flex: 0 0 48%;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .publication-col {
    flex: 0 0 100%;
  }
}

/* AOS override for smooth animations */
[data-aos] {
  transition-property: transform, opacity;
  transition-duration: 1s;
}

[data-aos="fade-left"] {
  transform: translateX(-30px);
}

[data-aos="fade-right"] {
  transform: translateX(30px);
}

.year-badge {
  font-size: 5rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  color: #0d6efd;
  opacity: 0.95;
  text-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}

.publication-card {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 0.75rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
}

.publication-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
  background-color: #f8f9fa;
  text-decoration: underline;
}
.publication-card a:hover,
.publication-card a:hover * {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.publication-card a {
  display: block;
}

.toc-image-wrapper {
  height: 400px;
  position: relative;
  overflow: visible;
  border-radius: 2rem;
}


.transition-image {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  max-width: 100%;
  max-height: 100%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  object-fit: contain; /* show full image without cropping */
  transition: opacity 0.6s ease;
  border-radius: 1rem;
}

#defaultImage {
  z-index: 1;
  opacity: 1;
}

#tocImage {
  z-index: 2;
  opacity: 0;
}

.publication-card {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 0.75rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
}

.publication-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-5px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
  background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

.publication-card a {
  color: #000000;
  font-size: 0.8rem;
  font-weight: 400;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.publication-card a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.publication-hover-container:hover .hover-preview {
  display: block;
}

.hover-preview {
  transition: all 0.3s ease;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.publication-wrapper .toc-container {
  opacity: 0;
  max-height: 0;
  transition: all 0.6s ease-in-out;
}
.publication-wrapper.open .toc-container {
  opacity: 1;
  max-height: 1000px;
  padding: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.badge {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  padding: 0.3em 0.6em;
  border-radius: 0.5rem;
}

.caption-wrapper {
  margin-top: 1rem;
  text-align: center;
  min-height: 1.2em;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}

.caption-wrapper div {
  margin-top: 1rem;
  text-align: center;
  min-height: 1.2em;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}

.toc-image-container {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

.d-none {
  display: none !important;
}

.caption-default,
.caption-toc {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 1rem;
  left: 1rem;
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: white;
  padding: 0.3rem 0.6rem;
  border-radius: 0.25rem;
  max-width: 100%;
  z-index: 3;
  top: 90%;
  left: 0%;
  margin-top: 0.25rem;
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
}

.overlay-caption {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 1rem;
  left: 1rem;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  color: white;
  padding: 0.3rem 0.6rem;
  border-radius: 0.25rem;
  max-width: 90%;
  z-index: 3;
  top: 85%;
  left: 20%;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper-rudy {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper-rudy img {
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper-rudy:hover img {
  opacity: 0.15;
}

.bio-overlay-rudy {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);
  color: #000000;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  padding: 1rem;
  overflow-y: auto;
  font-size: 0.85rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: start;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper-rudy:hover .bio-overlay-rudy {
  opacity: 1;
}
.bio-overlay-scroll-rudy {
  max-height: 90%;
  overflow-y: auto;
  padding-right: 0.5rem;
  scrollbar-width: thin;
  scrollbar-color: #888 transparent;
  text-align: left;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper img {
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper .bio-overlay {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255,0.9); /* dark translucent background */
  color: #000000;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
  padding: 1rem;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: left;
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper:hover img {
  opacity: 0.15;
}

.bio-hover-wrapper:hover .bio-overlay {
  opacity: 1;
}

.btn-outline-black {
  color: black;
  border: 1px solid black;
  background-color: transparent;
}

.btn-outline-black:hover {
  background-color: rgb(255, 213, 0);
  color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
}

.viewer-box {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
    background-color: transparent;
    position: relative;
    border-radius: inherit; /* matches Bootstrap .rounded */
    overflow: auto;      /* clips the canvas to rounded corners */
    aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
  }

  .viewer-box canvas {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
  }

.lab-link {
  color: rgb(25, 189, 234);
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3); /* subtle underline */
}

.lab-link:hover {
  color: #d5f00d; /* Bootstrap info color on hover */
  border-bottom: 1px solid #0dcaf0;
}

.reference-link {
    display: inline-block;
    margin: 0.25rem 0;
    color: #0dcaf0;
    font-weight: 500;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
    text-decoration: none;
  }

  .reference-link:hover {
    color: #d5f00d;
    text-decoration: underline;
  }